Saturday, March 31, 2018

路益师《意外的惊喜》的简述

路益师《意外的惊喜》的简述:

   路益思是牛津的文学教授(纳尼亚春秋作者),与托尔金(魔戒作者)是好友,两人是奇幻文学的先驱,也因这些传奇童话闻名于世。但路益思师还有神学论文、中世纪文学研究等诸多著作。他的自传”Surprised by Joy”,虽无中文翻译,却令人爱不释手,他的信仰追寻,也应该是信仰怀疑论者的经验。Surprised by Joy 原文有双重意义,路益思不断在寻找童年喜乐(Joy)的重现,终于在重回上帝的怀抱后,重温这种情感的悸动;另外是遇见美国诗人乔依(joy),对于这位不婚的单身汉而言,更是意外的惊喜。但这本书算是信仰自传,讲的是当初遇见一种神秘的渴盼,一路上信仰的追求。

   路益思所撰写的一些有关基督教神学的书籍,常能直接剖析廿世纪思想的症结,把人从唯物主义与神秘主义两条岔路引回,因此被誉为廿世纪最杰出的护教学家之一。他的信仰论述所以能使人信服,固然由于其识见透辟、学养渊深,更主要的是,他个人曾经是唯物主义者,也曾经是个神秘主义者;他了解这两类人的心境、思想和需要,所以当他在人生的某一点上用心灵与神遇合后,他的见证便具有实而不讹的向导作用。

童年岁月

     路益思(小时自取名杰克,要求别人必称此名,才愿回答。) 1898年11月29日出生于北爱尔兰的贝尔法斯特郡的登德拉园一栋半独立的家宅 ,父亲是律师,母亲是牧师之女。哥哥华尼,两人从小就形影不离,互助互爱。路益思说:「一生中最令我快乐的就是我们兄弟自小培养出来的深厚感情。」路益思的父母的个性分歧,造成他成年后不喜也不善于表露感情,甚至视感情的流露为失态,直到60岁遇到乔伊,才把路益思感情表达的困境打开。杰克的儿时生活充满他在书上所说的‘童年的福气’:丰富的美食、爱他的父母、供他嬉戏的花园、家庭褓母—莉思与哥哥华尼,为他的童年带来幸福快乐。莉思给他讲古老的爱尔兰神话,启发他丰富的想象力。

人如果没有经过美感经验,也不会有后来的宗教经验 。让他见识到大自然之美的是他六岁左右,哥哥拿来一个锡制的饼干盒子,盒盖的凹处填入了长满绿苔的泥土,泥土上繁密地插着一些摘来的枝叶和花朵,从这个超小型的「人造花园」,杰克首次感受到大自然的清新、润湿和沃腴。此刻的景像也成为他一生追求天堂幻影。七岁那年夏天,一日他到花园里嬉戏,看见一丛盛开的矮野莓藤,早前哥哥那座饼干盒盖花园乍时呈现在他眼前,随着这个记忆的涌起,一股没有征兆的渴望强烈地冲激着他,杰克却感到巨大的狂喜已近身边,是一种感觉、渴盼,但不知道自己渴盼的是什么,正想分辨清楚,渴盼的感觉就消失了。然而, 不久,杰克在一本‘松鼠那特金’的童话中,一首诗作里面,读到对秋天和北国茫茫蓝天的描写,同样的渴盼又回来了。 杰克一而再,再而三的重读它们,想要稳稳把握住那一种彷佛进入另一层境界的喜乐。 他隐约地认知这种喜乐不同于幸福感或愉快的情绪,它带给人心的抚慰不是因为拥有什么,而是因为渴盼或向往什么。 这个童年的喜乐经验深深地镌刻在杰克的心中,以至于往后的岁月,他不时用各样的办法,想回味它、捕捉它。

集中营般的寄宿生涯与神秘主义的追寻

   1908年,杰克的母亲去世,父亲无法面对丧妻之痛,同时也宣告他的快乐童年的结束。 不久,他与哥哥渡海离开爱尔兰的家乡,被送到英格兰寄宿学校读书。 英格兰平原灰黯的景色、多雾多雨的天气、集中营式的学校生活、病态暴戾的教师,每日活在随时会遭受鞭打的恐惧、稀松枯燥的课业,重重压抑着他的胸臆;夜晚躺在床上,透过没有帘幔的窗台,看满月阴惨地嵌在天空,耳旁响着同宿孩子们的鼾声,此情此景诡魅、恐怖,恍如置身地狱,他害怕灵魂的问题? 加上终日提心吊胆被罚,走投无路,从此他对基督教信仰开始认真起来,每个星期日全校师生到附近圣公会作礼拜时,他总是认真聆听讲台上的信息,夜晚觉得害怕时,就拚命祷告、用心读经,白天战战兢兢地遵照良知行事。

    杰克从小就被教导,人在祷告的时候,必须思量自己的祷词。 当他对信仰认真起来时,他就试着这样去作。 起初,作得还蛮顺畅的,不久,还没有说到「阿门!」从律法发动的伪良知就开始控告他:「你口里说的,心里想了没?你可有像昨天那样用心祷告?」「没有!」「好!那么再来一次! 」对这个控告,杰克的反应是为自己的祷告订下一个标准,他必须用悟性祷告,祷告时必须感受想象力灵活的运作,并且,内心必须洋溢着对神的热爱。 于是每晚临就寝前,杰克就拼命用自己的意志力想要挤榨出这种感觉,他很少成功过,即使成功了,也没有什么属灵的价值。 这样,日过一日,晚祷变成他心理上极大的负担,他被它搞得心力交瘁,惧怕它,像失眠的人惧怕床榻一样。 尝不到信仰的乐趣,他恨不得快点甩掉信仰这难以伺候的东西。 这时他的想象力已渐消失无踪,喜乐不止不存在,甚至已被遗忘。

   两年后,学校因校长精神失常而关闭。 1910年夏天,杰克回到家乡附近的中学就读。 半年后,因染上剧咳,休学回家休息。后又转往英格兰的玛尔文地区一间叫查特尔斯的中学就读。 查特尔斯中学的舍监是一个和蔼可亲的老妇人,她认真地照料成群寄读的孩子,杰克在她的慈爱中,享受了逝去的母爱。 这个老舍监迷信神秘主义,她的想象世界是许多幽灵构成的,杰克受她的影响,也热爱起玄秘的灵异来。 玄学那种虚无飘渺的境界笼罩了他生活的全部。十三岁的杰克扬弃了童年的基督教信仰,思想混乱得像一堆乱麻。 他一方面贪恋神秘主义的灵异世界,一方面又是个无神主义者,他的无神论调是悲观的思想酿造出来的。 在他看来,宇宙是冰冷无情的,它的浩瀚唯一的功能是对比出人的渺小。 时序的推移、万象的变化,所有的盛衰交替无非警示出生命的无常。 抛开宇宙不谈,人的一生又岂不是一连串永无止息的劳苦。
 
   除了学业增进,杰克也急切渴望生理与心智的成长。他形容自己努力去沾染那崇尚气派与势利的俗气,还洋洋得意。不过在这段思想纷杂的日子,杰克的感性生活却呈现一片斑烂,他喜欢上华格纳歌剧中的北欧神话世界。 北欧,天光与水气合而为一,混沌又晶亮地盘踞在空间里,是奥丁神(Odim)偕同众神话英雄居住的所在,这幅鸿洞空蒙的景象带给他遥若童年的喜乐经验,然而过去的喜乐只潜藏在他心灵深处,现实里却无从寻觅;现在,它们互相绞结、融汇,从他心底挑起一股强烈的渴盼,他又再次尝到失落什么的怅惘,以及渴盼本身带来的喜乐。 杰克开始以北欧神话为题材,写起歌咏英雄的诗歌,他到处搜购华格纳的歌剧唱片,狼吞虎咽地读起任何可以找到有关北欧神话的书籍,心里踊跃着恋爱般的兴奋。 杰克从这份喜好里尝到了对于崇拜对象忘我追求的滋味,这是一种信仰的美德,但是,他在早先的基督教信仰中,未曾培养出的美德。
 
   1914年,满脑子都是北欧神话的15岁杰克,回贝尔法斯特度假时,邻居请杰克至家中探望卧病在床的儿子阿瑟.葛利夫斯(Arthur Greeves),杰克进了阿瑟的房间看到他的床边放着《北欧神话》(Myths of the Norsemen)时,立刻问阿瑟:「你喜欢那本书吗?」阿瑟以同样的问句答他,两人立刻以神秘的微笑交换答案。杰克和阿瑟成为精神与知识上的莫逆之交,从此他们保持书信联络达49年,直到杰克去世为止。

 无神论时期

  1913年,杰克十五岁,他获得了一项奖学金,进入玛尔文一家名叫噶尔的公立高中就读。 这家公立高中极端鼓励学生从事体育活动,运动选手因此成为学校中的特殊阶级,在校园内,他们对于低年级的学生颐指气使,作威作福,中阶级为了争取机会晋升为特殊阶级,彼此明争暗斗;下阶级晋升无望,只好沦为谄媚的喽啰;结果,校园到处弥漫着世故的社会气息,杰克对这传统深恶痛绝,他选择作一个与众疏离的边缘份子,成日躲在图书馆里看书。 这时杰克已有极强的浪漫倾向了,对他来说,权威和道德教条简直是一种虚伪的存在。

杰克在图书馆读到一篇出以北欧神话为题材的悲剧:天地始生,众神之一的洛基向创世主奥丁抗议:「你为什么要创造生命?为什么未经万物的同意,就加给它们生存的负担?这岂不是一种既专横又残忍的作为?如果生命是痛苦的,你根本就不应该创造它!」奥丁神在创世之前是洛基的好友,他能了解洛基的抗议背后藏有极大的悲悯,但是代表传统威权的梭尔,却挑拨奥丁严惩洛基,他指控洛基不尊敬众神,奥丁反驳道:

 「我尊敬智能,不尊敬权势。」

   杰克认为梭尔就是校内那些特殊阶级,悲剧英雄洛基代表自己,他用这种智慧上的优越感抚慰着自己委屈、不快乐的心绪。 然而,在这一种角色的认同里,杰克发觉自己作为一个无神论者冲突和矛盾的地方:我认定神是不存在的,但是我对于神的不存在这件事,感到非常气愤、沮丧,我甚至埋怨着祂为什么创造了这样一个充满劳苦的世界,这证明我又希望有公义慈爱神的存在。 杰克同时又觉悟到人与神的关系和人与生命的关系又是一致:再怎么悲观的人,当他面临丧生的危机时,本能地,他会寻求保存自己,人可以在思想上斩断他和神相连的脐带,但在本能上、情感上,却无时无刻在渴慕着这种连结。 纵使杰克有了这层了悟,他仍肆意地坚持无神的论调,与其接受一个不负责任的神,不如漠视祂的存在。

  于是,杰克发明一套说辞来为自己的无神论辩护:「无神的唯物宇宙观告诉我们物有始终,死亡结束一切,如果人生的苦难大到人无法忍受的地步,自杀是一条可能的出路!基督教宇宙观最令人害怕的地方是,它相信永恒,如此一来,自杀或死亡并不能解决痛苦。此外,基督教信仰的神是一位干预者,一旦接受了祂,人的心灵就好像一处完全敞开的园地,没有一个地方能够让你用铅丝圈围起来,然后挂上一块牌子:禁止入内!崇尚自由的我怎能忍受这种干涉呢?无论如何,我要保有一方自己的天地!」杰克也知道为了秉持唯物的无神论,他必须付出一些代价,他必须承认宇宙只是一大群原子毫无意义的跳动,而人认为美好有价值的事物,也不过是海市蜃楼而已。

   长时期搜览各类研究北欧神话的书籍,青少年期的杰克已经俨然北欧神话通了,同时,他也涉猎了包括希腊神话在内的神话系统。 或许因为熟烂了就失去特有兴味吧! 缤纷的神话世界已经无法在他心中激起任何渴盼的喜乐,无神论者杰克噤然得宛若一座建好了圣殿,才发觉神并未居住其中的人。 他让自己浸润在音乐、诗歌中,甚至暧昧的爱情想象里,偶而感到心弦震颤,但是,这些感觉与喜乐似乎有段距离。

美境重寻

   为了准备牛津大学的入学考试,1914年,十六岁的杰克接受父亲的安排,转往舍雷郡的布克罕镇接受柯克派崔克先生个别指导,习读希腊古典和各样名著与人文经典。柯氏崇尚叔本华哲学,尤其偏好理性思辩,对于杰克言谈和行文中任何逻辑瑕疵,不时给予严苛的指正,日后杰克撰写护教文章取譬精妙、析理透辟,自称归功于恩师柯氏的教诲。在这段私塾习读的岁月里,杰克从阅读群书中充分享受到沉浸在个人闲逸世界中「伊匹鸠鲁式(Epicurian)生活的乐趣。这种人生态度虽然无益众生,但能陶冶自我。奉守这种生活哲学的人看似自私,却往往能带给友伴愉悦;反之,有一种人习于牺牲自我,却经常陷于自怜中,他的仁善摊陈在人的面前,反成为一种无休止的指摘,似乎人们都亏欠他一份同情、感激和敬仰。假如两者中须择其一,杰克绝对选择前者。

   布克罕附近景色怡人,小径通幽,杰克养成课余漫步山野的习惯。收到父亲寄来的圣诞节礼物‘尼伯龙根的指环’书中的思想混合着一个雾气迷茫的冰冷与寂寞的早晨,杰克散步到附近的山区。 山下市区的喧腾已经依稀得只剩下吱吱的微响,满山的枝叶被雾气遮成重重的纱帘,杰克愈走愈觉山气沁凉,愈走愈觉自己的躯体已经溶化成透明的山气,剎那间彷佛进入了天堂,胸臆间又满溢起强烈的喜乐。 这到底是怎么回事呢? 这些日子来,自己苦苦寻求,它却踪迹藐藐,这会儿,倒又平平白白降临了,难道喜乐是不容人用任何模式去网罗的? 难道喜乐的临到不是由于我们渴想? 不是由于我们营造心境? 而是忘我于某一客体中,这一客体无所不在,但却不是人的理性、知觉可以制造出来的。 杰克于是想到童年时期的晚祷:「难道我用尽意志力想要进入领悟中,进入某种特定的心境,认为这样才能与神沟通,犯的也是同样的错误吗?我以为用精通熟稔建立起来的固定敬拜模式,可以稳稳地握住神,这种错误的观念,使我变成不是追求神,而是追求一种心境、一种感觉,这样我岂不是把宗教降格为一种自慰的行为?一种制造激情的自动化装置?难怪我在晚祷中遇不见神!神难道和喜乐的来源一样,是某个人心以外的客体?」理智上,杰克坚决地拒绝神的存在,心灵中,却一步步虚心剖揭着喜乐的奥秘面纱,隐约觉得它的来源与神的存在有些相通的地方,喜乐如同太阳在露珠上的映影和而太阳是上帝的对照。

   这段时期使他的无神论唯物主义略受动摇的,是来自于爱尔兰诗人叶慈和比利时剧作家梅特林克的影响。 这两位创作成绩斐然的作者以旺盛的想象力驱使秘教奇诡动人的象征,透过玄妙的文字召唤物质表像之外引人遐思的灵异世界。 阅读他们的作品,杰克觉得少年期曾有的一段对于神秘主义的沉迷再度蠢蠢欲动。 充满着好奇,他多么希望能掌握那只有少数入门者通晓的仪式语言,藉之探入超自然的世界最奥渺的原理、最幽秘的境界,与众多神灵交通,摆脱躯体与生死的限制。 同时,正因秘术被正统基督教和理性主义者判定为邪门左道,更让潜伏在他心中的叛逆跃跃欲试。 然而,那使他免于掉入灵异陷阱的,除了找不到名师指引门径之外,胆怯也发挥了保护的作用。 白天他或许无法抗拒好奇心的驱使,到了夜晚,到处黑影幢幢,阴森恐怖,唯物主义反而成了护身符。 不过,最佳的保护则来自于他对喜乐本质的体认。 沈溺在探秘的冲动中久了,他发现那股想要冲破藩篱,撕裂遮幔,直捣玄秘的欲望与喜乐的渴盼有天壤之别;像浪荡的性欲一样,它只不过是灵魂与感官追求快乐、刺激的一种粗糙的方式。

   一个峭寒的十月天,日已薄暮、山色湛蓝到近乎紫靛,天空浮散着发绿的雾霜,杰克读了一本对他以后影响至深的书。在等火车时,他走到书摊前,买了一本十九世纪英国童话作家麦唐纳所著,以乡野仙境传说为题材的奇幻小说‘仙缘’,是个美丽但带点诡异味道的故事。这本书让他对喜乐的来源有了进一步的认识。 从前,令他渴望的喜乐都存在于遥远的另一层境界,现在,周围的事物都以崭新的面貌出现,讨取着他的喜爱,屋里的每个角落,甚至自己身心的每一部份,也开始耐人寻味起来,是的,喜乐并不是那样遥不可及,自己所渴盼进入的境界则正隐藏在周遭里面,世界多么的含蓄、婉约! 不知不觉中,他的想象力已经受了一次隆重的洗礼,原来这新的质量、光亮的阴影、旅程追寻都指向‘圣洁’。 悲观或无神论,已经失去了重量,悠悠消散了;灵异更完全对他失去了吸引力。

抉择

 1917年,杰克顺利考入牛津大学攻读哲学,由于第一次世界大战正在欧陆如火如荼展开,不久便被征调往法国前线参与壕沟战。 翌年四月中弹受伤,辗转遣返伦敦疗养。 卧病期间初读基督徒作家契斯特敦的散文,对美德产生向往,「感受到美德的魅力,彷佛一个男人对自己无意迎娶的女人醉心神往。」或许是军旅生活的纪律训练和袍泽间的死生契阔,杰克有生以来第一次深刻地感受到峻烈的美德也需要人投注生命加以实践:「我从未认真想过,像我们这种渴望知道美是否有客观的标准,以及伊思吉勒斯(希腊悲剧作家之一)如何处理宙斯和普罗米修斯握手言和那一幕的人,原来,也应矢志奉守信实、廉贞、并且忠于职责。我一直以为这些美德并不值得我们费心探究。」

    1919年初,杰克伤愈复学,廿一岁的他与同龄者相比,已是个满腹经纶的青年了。 在牛津出类拔萃的师友多面熏陶下,更使他的哲学思考往观念论的方向深入寻绎。 起初,他像大多数的大学新生一样,为了显示自己的成熟与锐利,刻意在知识取向上摆呈追逐新潮的态势「凡事着眼未来且依明智的理性审辨与行动」,至于惨绿少年时期的悲观主义、自怜、超自然的观念或浪漫的遐想,都已消失无踪。 若非诤友巴菲尔德的及时提醒,杰克将永远昧于一件事实:在哲学的领域里,思想的真伪与时代的先后或新旧无关。

   博格森哲学的启迪使杰克扬弃了叔本华的虚无论,重新肯定了宇宙的存有与充盈在自然与人文中随处涌动的盎然生机,另一方面,过往喜乐的经验向杰克启示了一项真理;人的内心深处有一条通往外在宇宙的幽径,这个外在宇宙就是那引人忘我的客体,人渴盼与它连结,因为这种连结的关系是喜乐的来源,这种喜乐不是人的心境,也不是人的想象、任何生物性的欲望、或社会权位财势可以投射出来的。柏克莱指出这个客体就是神,神是个灵,祂按着自己的样式造人,让人拥有心灵,能够接受祂的讯息。这位人无法触及的客体果真已经将自己彰显在人心中的神吗? 1926年在一次登山旅行中,杰克突然发觉自己面临一项抉择?到底有没有神?神是真的存在呢?还是人的需要制造出来的?人为什么需要神? 是神赋予的吗?为了使这个需要成为人寻求神的途径之一?依照杰克当时的感觉,选择有神或选择无神,都不涉及任何损失,但是,一股力量驱使他不得不选择有神,这股力量也许就是神本身发出的吧!或许也是过往的喜乐经验所作的见证。作了这种抉择之后,杰克觉得自己有如雪人,经过长久的冰冻,终于溶化了。

信心的一跃

 这天晚上,杰克和往常一样,吃过晚饭,稍事休息片晌,便坐到书桌前,继续他的研读。 灯光照在他刚毅的脸庞上,那灼亮又固执的的眼神,泄露出一种学者追索智能特有的渴切。 杰克自养成思辩的习惯后,他的感应触角便无时不刻地伸入生活经验中,穷究于古今群籍里,他的理智、感性、心灵,一直保持在警觉的状态之下,宛若一根张满的弓弦,随时准备发箭去射中事理的正鹄。 三十一岁了,他的思想在无止息的辩证中,不知蜕变过多少次,从传统的基督徒,变成神秘主义者,再变成唯物的无神论者,而后,摆荡在唯物和神秘主义之间,又渐渐变成观念论者柏克莱的信徒。

   每次蜕变告一段落的初期,对于自己才归结而得的思想内容,杰克总是奉之为人生的至理;但是,经验是真理最严格的验正师,每当经验在扩充时,杰克便又发现自己所崇奉的至理,一层层地显露出它们不够完足的地方。 然而,近来,局面却有些改变了,当经验的溪流愈涌愈浩荡时,杰克察觉溪流的深处发出一道威严的声音:是真理呼唤他的声音,那声音愈来愈接近,杰克整个的思想、心灵都要被它摄去了。 原来,每一山涧注入溪流所增加的流量,都为了向导他到这真理发声的地方。

   沙沙的风声,脆脆的鸟声从黑暗中一波波涌来,听在杰克耳里,好像神的催促和命令。一个相信神存在的人并不意味与神建立了关系,三年来,杰克对这件事知道得太清楚了,三年前他相信神存在之后,认为自己应该更新对事物的看法。也就是以神的心为心,让自己的一生和谐地依循宇宙主宰的意旨运行,这样相信神的存在才有意义。 他也知道世界充满诱惑、人心充满私欲,要以神的心为心是很因难。当杰克试着袪除自己的私欲时,他才发现自己是个多么懦弱、败坏的人,浑身充满了嫉恨、野心、贪欲……。杰克从小到大,未曾这样鄙视过自己。 三年来,神那充满威严的声音从各种角落对他发出质询:「你为什么逃避我?我千方百计向你彰显,除了证明自己存在之外,别无其他意义吗?」杰克知道结束心灵流浪的办法其实很简单,却也很困难,就是完全降服,放弃自己,随神处置,让神向导,他不知道这样做会有什么结果,这简直就像纵身跃入万丈深渊一般的冒险。

 「跳!跳!跳!」的命令,像浪舌一样拍击着他,类似的催逼已经延续三年了,既残酷又让人震慑、敬畏,杰克告诉自己:「跳吧!谁叫他是神,是宇宙的掌管者,没有人能逃避祂的权势。」在1929年杰克终于降服了,承认上帝就是上帝,他跪下祷告。那天晚上,或许他是整个英国里最沮丧与最不甘愿的一位归信者。

   杰克写信给阿瑟.葛利夫斯,谈及改变他信仰的最后关键人物是托尔金。托尔金在杰克成为莫德林学院院士的1925年来到牛津教安格鲁撒克逊语。这两位都醉心于神话奇幻的学者,一拍即合。1931年九月的一个阴雨夜晚,杰克邀请托尔金跟另一个朋友戴森(Hugo Dyson)一起到学院宿舍用餐,他们在用餐过后聊起神话,杰克坚持基督的故事不过是他在古神话里读到大同小异的样版神话而已。信奉基督的托尔金,也因「神话」找到进入杰克个人信仰迷宫的入口,他们的辩论从屋内延续到户外艾迪生小径上,小径上风雨交加,丝毫不减弱他们交锋激烈的论战,他们浑身湿透后又回到宿舍,继续舌辩到凌晨四点。

   托尔金认为所有那些快要消逝的众神神话都殊途同归地揭示了人类无法拯救自己的道理,唯有透过一个更高层次的阶层以恩典的方式救赎众生。「牺牲自己救苍生」的故事自古存有、无所不在,耶稣基督道成肉身,就是将那些即将消逝的古神话具体呈现的事实。当晚直到托尔金离去,杰克才首度知觉自己过去的想法是错误的。是托尔金为杰克找到迷宫的出口,杰克理解神话虽是神话,但「神话可以成真」,这一觉悟让杰克得以修复他个人浪漫思想与理性信仰两者间的断桥,而那些本来散落四方的惊奇、想象、神话、哲学、信仰,也因此找到彼此的关连,和平共处,不再彼此攻击。

Saturday, March 1, 2014

建議必讀的書

建議必讀的書 - by Pastor Lam

Defending the Gospel (Apologetics)

Geisler, Norman L., and Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist.
Keller, Timothy. The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism.
Little, Paul E., and James F. Nyquist. Know Why You Believe.
Morison, Frank. Who Moved the Stone.
Strobel, Lee. The Case for Christ: A Journalist’s Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus.
Wright, N. T. Simply Christian: Why Christianity Makes Sense.

Authority of Scripture

MacDonald, James. God Wrote a Book.

How Christianity Differs from Other Faiths

Stott, John R. W. Basic Christianity.
Zacharias, Ravi. Jesus Among Other Gods: The Absolute Claims of the Christian Message.

Dealing with Past Hurts

Arterburn, Stephen. Healing Is a Choice.
Bridges, Jerry. Trusting God: Even When Life Hurts.
Crabb, Larry. Shattered Dreams: God’s Unexpected Pathway to Joy.

Developing a Biblical Worldview

Noebel, David. Understanding the Times: The Collision of Today’s Competing Worldviews.
Zacharias, Ravi. Can Man Live Without God.

Spiritual Transformation

Warren, Rick. The Purpose-Driven Life.
Willard, Dallas. Renovation of the Heart: Putting On the Character of Christ.
Yancey, Philip. What Is So Amazing About Grace.

Who They Are in Christ

Bridges, Jerry. The Discipline of Grace: God’s Role and Our Role in the Pursuit of Holiness.

How to Have a Relationship with God

Blackaby, Henry, Richard Blackaby, and Claude King. Experiencing God: Knowing and Doing the Will of God.
Bounds, E. M. Power Through Prayer.
Tozer, A. W. The Pursuit of God.

Maintaining Healthy Relationships

Chapman, Gary. The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love That Lasts.
Eggerichs, Emerson. Love and Respect: The Love She Most Desires; The Respect He Desperately Needs.
Smalley, Gary. The DNA of Relationships.

How to Spiritually Feed Themselves

Fee, Gordon D., and Douglas Stuart. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth.

The Importance of Connection: A Growing Understanding of the Church

Crabb, Larry. The Safest Place on Earth: Where People Connect and Are Forever Changed.
Willis, Avery, and Henry Blackaby. On Mission with God.

Doctrine and Theology

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine.
Lewis, C. S. Mere Christianity.
McDowell, Josh. More Than a Carpenter.
Packer, J. I. Knowing God.

Church History

Jenkins, Philip. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity.
Kennedy, D. James, and Jerry Newcombe. What If Jesus Had Never Been Born?
Stark, Rodney. The Rise of Christianity.

Life Management

Cloud, Henry, and John Townsend. Boundaries: When to Say Yes, When to Say No to Take Control of Your Life.
Dayton, Howard. Your Money Counts.
Sider, Ronald J. Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger.
Swenson, Richard. Margin: Restoring Emotional, Physical, Financial, and Time Reserves to Overloaded Lives.

Doing Ministry: Leading Small Groups, Identifying Spiritual Gifts

Coleman, Robert Emerson. The Master Plan of Evangelism.
Crabb, Larry. Soul Talk: The Language God Longs for Us to Speak.
Hybels, Bill. Courageous Leadership.
Willis, Avery. MasterLife: A Biblical Process for Growing Disciples.

Tuesday, December 17, 2013


「所以,幸福应该是快乐与意义的结合!一个幸福的人,必须有一个明确的、可以带来快 乐和意义的目标,然后努力地去追求。真正快乐的人,会在自己觉得有意义的生活方式里,享受它的点点滴滴。」

 

塔尔•宾-夏哈尔,希望他的学生学会接受自己, 不要忽略自己所拥有的独特性;要摆脱「完美主义」,要「学会失败」。塔尔•宾-夏哈尔,还为学生简化出10条小贴纸:

 

1.遵从你内心的热情:

选择对你有意义并且能让你快乐的课,不要只是为了轻松地拿一个A而选课,或选你朋友上的课,或是别人认为你应该上的课。

 

2.多和朋友们在一起:

不要被日常工作缠身,亲密的人际关系,是你幸福感的信号,最有可能为你带来幸福。

 

3.学会失败:

成功没有快捷方式,历史上有成就的人,总是敢于行动,也会经常失败。不要让对失败的恐惧,绊住你尝试新事物的脚步。

 

4.接受自己全然为人:

失望、烦乱、悲伤,是人性的一部分。接纳这些,并把它们当成自然之事,允许自己偶尔的失落和伤感。然后问问自己,能做些什么来让自己感觉好过一点。

 

5.简化生活:

更多并不总代表更好,好事多了,不一定有利。你选了太多的课吗?参加了太多的活动吗?应求精而不在多。

 

6.有规律地锻炼:

体育运动是你生活中最重要的事情之一。每周只要3次,每次只要30分钟,就能大大改善你的身心健康。

 

7.睡眠:

虽然有时「通宵熬夜」是不可避免的,但每天7到9小时的睡眠,是一笔非常棒的投资。这样,在醒着的时候,你会更有效率、更有创造力,也会更开心。

 

8.慷慨:

现在,你的钱包里可能没有太多钱,你也没有太多时间。但这并不意味着你无法助人。「给予」和「接受」是一件事的两个面。当我们帮助别人时,我们也在帮助自己;当我们帮助自己时,也是在间接地帮助他人。

 

9.勇敢:勇气并不是不恐惧,而是心怀恐惧,仍依然向前。

 

10.表达感激:生活中,不要把你的家人、朋友、健康、教育等这一切当成理所当然的。它们都是你回味无穷的礼物。记录他人的点滴恩惠,始终保持感恩之心。每天或至少每周一次,请你把它们记下来。

Wednesday, September 4, 2013

Why Does God Allow Tragedy and Suffering?

Reflections on the shooting tragedy in Aurora, Colorado.

The following is adapted from a sermon preached by author and apologist Lee Strobel on Sunday, July 22, at Cherry Hills Community Church in Highlands Ranch, Colorado.
 
It's already being called the worst mass shooting in American history: 70 people shot by a gunman, 12 of them killed, while they were watching the midnight showing of a new movie. It all happened just 21 miles from where we're sitting. There are no words to describe the anguish being felt by those who are suffering today; our heart and prayers have, and will, go out to them. There are so many tragic stories, so much pain. And many people are asking the question, "Why? Why did God allow this?"
 
This has been a heart-rending summer for Colorado. First came the wildfires, which ravaged the houses of hundreds of our neighbors, prompting many of them to ask the same question, "Why?"
And those two tragic events are just added to the everyday pain and suffering being experienced in individual lives. There's illness, abuse, broken relationships, betrayal, sorrow, injuries, disappointment, heartache, crime and death. And perhaps you've been asking the question too. "Why? Why me? Why now?"
 
That "why" question is not a new one; it goes back thousands of years. It was asked in the Old Testament by Job and the writers of the Psalms, and it was especially relevant during the 20th Century, where we witnessed two World Wars, the Holocaust, genocides in the Soviet Union and China, devastating famines in Africa, the killing fields of Cambodia, the emergence of AIDS, the genocide in Rwanda and the ethnic cleansing of Kosovo. And the 21st Century didn't start any better. There was 9/11 and now the Syrian slaughters, and on and on. Why do all of these horrific things happen if there's a loving and powerful God? Why do bad things happen to good people?
Several years ago, I commissioned a national survey and asked people what question they'd ask if they could only ask God one thing. The number one response was: "Why is there suffering in the world?"
 
Maybe you've never asked why our world is infected with pain and suffering, but my guess is you will when they strike you or a loved one with full force. And Jesus said they are coming. Unlike some other religious leaders who wrote off pain and suffering as mere illusions, Jesus was honest about the inevitability of suffering. In John 16:33 he said, "You will have suffering in this world." He didn't say you might—he said it is going to happen.
 
But why? If you ask me, "Why did God allow the gunman to spray the Aurora movie theater with gunfire just two days ago?" the only answer I can honestly give consists of four words: "I do not know."
 
I don't have God's mind; I don't share his perspective. In 1 Corinthians 13:12 we're told, "Now we see things imperfectly, like puzzling reflections in a mirror, but then we will see everything with perfect clarity."
 
Someday we'll see with clarity, but for now things are foggy. We can't understand everything from our finite perspective. And frankly, the people suffering from the Aurora tragedy don't need a big theological treatise right now; any intellectual response is going to seem trite and inadequate. What they desperately need now is the very real and comforting presence of Jesus Christ in their lives. And I'm so grateful that so many churches and ministries of this community are helping them experience that.
 
Yet it's still important to grapple with the question of why God allows suffering in our lives. Even though we can't understand everything about it, I believe we can understand some things. Let me give you an analogy.
 
Once Leslie and I were driving from Chicago to Door County, Wisconsin, which is that thumb-shaped peninsula that juts into Lake Michigan. We were driving up the highway in the dark, when it started raining heavily and we hit dense fog. I could barely see the white stripe on the edge of the road. I couldn't stop because I was afraid someone might come along and rear-end us. It was frightening!
 
But then a truck appeared in front of us and we could clearly see his taillights through the fog. He apparently had fog lamps in front, because he was traveling at a confident and deliberate pace, and I knew if we could just follow those taillights, we'd be headed in the right direction.
The same is true in understanding why there is tragedy and suffering in our lives. We may not be able to make out all the details of why certain things happen, but there are some key biblical truths that can illuminate some points of light for us. And if we follow those lights, they will lead us toward some conclusions that I believe can help satisfy our hearts and souls.
 
The first point of light: God is not the creator of evil and suffering.
This answers the question you hear so often: "Why didn't God merely create a world where tragedy and suffering didn't exist?" The answer is: He did! Genesis 1:31 says: "God saw all that he had made, and it was very good."
 
But if God is not the author of tragedy or evil or death, where did they come from? Well, God has existed from eternity past as the Father, Son and Spirit, together in a relationship of perfect love. So love is the highest value in the universe. And when God decided to create human beings, he wanted us to experience love. But to give us the ability to love, God had to give us free will to decide whether to love or not to love. Why? Because love always involves a choice.
 
When my daughter was little, she had a doll with a string in the back, and when you pulled it the doll said, "I love you." Did that doll love my daughter? Of course not. It was programmed to say those words. Real love always involves a choice.
 
So in order for us to experience love, God bestowed on us free will. But unfortunately, we humans have abused our free will by rejecting God and walking away from him. And that has resulted in the introduction of evil into the world.
 
Some people ask, "Couldn't God have foreseen all of this?" and no doubt he did. But look at it this way. Many of you are parents. Even before you had children, couldn't you foresee that there was the very real possibility they may suffer disappointment or pain or heartache in life, or that they might even hurt you and walk away from you? Of course—but you still had kids. Why? Because you knew there was also the potential for tremendous joy and deep love and great meaning.
 
God knew we'd rebel against him, but he also knew many people would choose to follow him and have a relationship with him and spend eternity in heaven with him. And it was all worth it for that, even though it would cost his son great pain and suffering to achieve our redemption. So as we ponder the mystery of pain and evil, we need to be mindful that God did not create them.
 
The second point of light: Though suffering isn't good, God can use it to accomplish good.
In Romans 8:28 the Bible promises, "And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose."
 
Notice the verse doesn't say God causes evil and suffering, just that he promises to cause good to emerge. And notice that the verse doesn't say we all will see immediately or even in this life how God has caused good to emerge from a bad circumstance. Remember, we only see things dimly in this world. And God doesn't make this promise to everyone. He makes the solemn pledge that he will take the bad circumstances that befall us and cause good to emerge if we're committed to following him.
You might say, "No, he can't bring good out of my circumstance. The harm was too great, the damage was too extreme, the depth of my suffering has been too much."
 
But if you doubt God's promise, listen to what a wise man once said to me: "God took the very worst thing that has ever happened in the history of the universe—deicide, or the death of God on the cross—and turned it into the very best thing that has happened in history of universe: the opening up of heaven to all who follow him." If God can take the very worst circumstance imaginable and turn it into the very best situation possible, can he not take the negative circumstances of your life and create something good from them?
 
The third point of light: The day is coming when suffering will cease and God will judge evil.
Many people wonder: "If God has the power to eradicate evil and suffering, then why doesn't he do it?"
 
But there's a flaw built into the question. Just because he hasn't done it yet doesn't mean he won't do it. I wrote my first novel last year. What if someone read only half of it and then slammed it down and said, "Well, Lee did a terrible job with that book. There are too many loose ends with the plot. He didn't resolve all the issues with the characters." I'd say, "Hey! You only read half the book!"
The Bible says that the story of this world isn't over yet. It says the day will come when sickness and pain will be eradicated and people will be held accountable for the evil they've committed. Justice will be served in a perfect way. That day will come, but not yet. In other words, we've only read half the book!
 
So what's holding God up? One answer is that he's actually delaying the consummation of history in anticipation that more people will put their trust in him and spend eternity in heaven. He's delaying everything out of his love for humanity. Second Peter 3:9 reads: "The Lord is not slow in keeping his promise, as some understand slowness. He is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance."
 
To me, that's evidence of a loving God, that he would care that much for us.
 
The fourth point of light: Our suffering will pale in comparison to the good things God has in store for his followers.
 
In Romans 8:18 we read: "I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us."
 
Remember these words were written by the apostle Paul, who suffered through beatings and stonings and shipwrecks and imprisonments and rejection and hunger and thirst and homelessness—far more pain that most of us will ever have to endure.
 
I certainly don't want to minimize pain and suffering, but it helps if we take a long-term perspective. Think of it this way. Let's say that on the first day of 2012, you had an awful day. You had an emergency root canal at the dentist—and then ran out of pain-killers. You crashed your car, and had no insurance. Your stock portfolio took a nosedive. Your spouse got sick. A friend betrayed you. From start to finish, it was like the title of that children's book: Alexander & the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day.
 
But then every other day of the year was just incredibly terrific. Your relationship with God is close and real and intimate. A friend wins the lottery and gives you $100 million. You get promoted at work to your dream job. Time magazine puts your photo on its cover as "The Person of the Year." You have your first child and he's healthy and strong. Your marriage is idyllic, your health is fabulous, and you have a six-month vacation in Tahiti.
 
Then next New Year's Day someone asks, "So, how was your 2012?" You'd probably say, "It was great; it was wonderful!" You'd remember that first bad day. You might think, that was a bad day, no denying it. It was difficult at the time. But when I look at the totality of the year, when I put everything in context, it's been a great year. The 364 terrific days far outweigh the one bad day. That day just sort of fades away."
 
And maybe that's a good analogy for heaven. Listen to me—that is not to deny the reality of your pain in this life. It might be terrible. It might be chronic. My wife Leslie has a medical condition that puts her in pain every single day. Maybe you're suffering from a physical ailment or heartache at this very moment. But in heaven, after 354,484,545 days of pure bliss—and with an infinite more to come—if someone asked, "So, how has your existence been?", you'd instantly react by saying, "It has been absolutely wonderful! Words can't describe the joy and the delight and the fulfillment!"
It's like the story that British church leader Galvin Reid tells about meeting a young man who had fallen down a flight of stairs as a baby and shattered his back. He had been in and out of hospitals his whole life—and yet he made the astounding comment that he thinks God is fair. Reid asked him, "How old are you?" The boy said, "Seventeen." Reid asked, "How many years have you spend in hospitals?" The boy said, "Thirteen years." The pastor said with astonishment, "And you think that is fair?" And the boy replied: "Well, God has all eternity to make it up to me."
 
And he will. God promises a time when there will be no more crying, no more tears, no more pain and suffering, when we will be reunited with God in perfect harmony, forever. Let the words of 1 Corinthians 2:9 soak into your soul: "No eye has seen, no ear has heard, no mind has conceived what God has prepared for those who love him."
 
Finally, the fifth point of light: We decide whether to turn bitter or turn to God for peace and courage.
 
We've all seen examples of how the same suffering that causes one person to turn bitter, to reject God, to become hard and angry and sullen, can cause another person to turn to God, to become more gentle and more loving and more tender, willing to reach out to compassionately help other people who are in pain. Some who lose a child to a drunk driver turn inward in chronic rage and never-ending despair; another turns outward to help others by founding Mothers Against Drunk Drivers.
We make the choice to either run away from God or to run to him. And what happens if we run to him?
 
Above I quoted part of what Jesus said in John 16:33. Now let me give you the entire verse: "I have told you these things so that in me you may have peace. You will have suffering in this world. But be courageous! I have conquered the world."
 
In other words, he offers us the two very things we need when we're hurting: peace to deal with our present and courage to deal with our future. How? Because he has conquered the world! Through his own suffering and death, he has deprived this world of its ultimate power over you. Suffering doesn't have the last word anymore. Death doesn't have the last word anymore. God has the last word!
Let me finish the story of Leslie and I driving through the fog in Wisconsin. We were following the taillights of that truck when the fog slowly began to lift, the rain began to let up and we entered a town with some lights. Things were becoming clearer, we could see better, and as we rounded a curve, silhouetted against the night sky, guess what we saw? We saw the steeple of a church and the cross of Christ. After driving through the confusion of the fog for so long, that image struck me with poignancy I'll never forget.
 
It was through that cross that Jesus conquered the world for us. As a wise man once said to me, "God's ultimate answer to suffering isn't an explanation; it's the incarnation." Suffering is a personal problem; it demands a personal response. And God isn't some distant, detached, and disinterested deity; he entered into our world and personally experienced our pain. Jesus is there in the lowest places of our lives. Are you broken? He was broken, like bread, for us. Are you despised? He was despised and rejected of men. Do you cry out that you can't take any more? He was a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. Did someone betray you? He was sold out. Are your most tender relationships broken? He loved and he was rejected. Did people turn from you? They hid their faces from him as if he were a leper. Does He descend into all of our hells? Yes, he does. From the depths of a Nazi death camp, Corrie ten Boom wrote these words: "No matter how deep our darkness, he is deeper still." Every tear we shed becomes his tear.
 
God does much more than sympathize with you in your troubles. After all, any close friend can do that. Any close friend can sit beside you and comfort you and empathize with you. No, Jesus is much closer than your closest friend. If you've put your trust in him, then he is in you. And, therefore, your sufferings are his sufferings; your sorrow is his sorrow.
 
So when tragedy strikes, as it will; when suffering comes, as it will; when you're wrestling with pain, as you will—and when you make the choice to run into his arms, here's what you're going to discover: you'll find peace to deal with the present, you'll find courage to deal with your future, and you'll find the incredible promise of eternal life in heaven.

Sunday, April 7, 2013

What is the core in our faith? Historically Authentic.
(adapted from my ST105 Sancification and Ecclesiology Class Fall 2013.)




Dialogical Theological Process:
(adapted from my ST105 Sancification and Ecclesiology Class Fall 2013.)




北美自由派-福音派宗派谱系图

http://deecee.xanga.com/718507823/theological-spectrum-draft/

http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8447/7917409678_1b396e35c9_o.png

Saturday, March 23, 2013

45 lessons life taught me

Written by Regina Brett, 90 years old, of the Plain Dealer, Cleveland , Ohio .

"To celebrate growing older, I once wrote the 45 lessons life taught me. It is the most requested column I've ever written.

My odometer rolled over to 90 in August, so here is the column once more:

1. Life isn't fair, but it's still good.

2. When in doubt, just take the next small step.

3. Life is too short – enjoy it.

4. Your job won't take care of you when you are sick. Your friends and family will.

5. Pay off your credit cards every month.

6. You don't have to win every argument. Stay true to yourself.

7. Cry with someone. It's more healing than crying alone.

8. It's OK to get angry with God. He can take it.

9. Save for retirement starting with your first paycheck.

10. When it comes to chocolate, resistance is futile.

11. Make peace with your past so it won't screw up the present.

12. It's OK to let your children see you cry.

13. Don't compare your life to others. You have no idea what their journey is all about.

14. If a relationship has to be a secret, you shouldn't be in it.

15. Everything can change in the blink of an eye, but don't worry, God never blinks.

16.. Take a deep breath. It calms the mind.

17. Get rid of anything that isn't useful. Clutter weighs you down in many ways.

18. Whatever doesn't kill you really does make you stronger.

19.. It's never too late to be happy. But it’s all up to you and no one else.

20. When it comes to going after what you love in life, don't take no for an answer.

21. Burn the candles, use the nice sheets, wear the fancy lingerie. Don't save it for a special occasion. Today is special.

22. Over prepare, then go with the flow.

23. Be eccentric now. Don't wait for old age to wear purple.

24. The most important sex organ is the brain.

25. No one is in charge of your happiness but you.

26. Frame every so-called disaster with these words 'In five years, will this matter?'

27. Always choose life.

28. Forgive

29. What other people think of you is none of your business.

30. Time heals almost everything. Give time time.

31. However good or bad a situation is, it will change.

32. Don't take yourself so seriously. No one else does.

33. Believe in miracles.

34. God loves you because of who God is, not because of anything you did or didn't do.

35. Don't audit life. Show up and make the most of it now.

36. Growing old beats the alternative of dying young.

37. Your children get only one childhood.

38. All that truly matters in the end is that you loved.

39. Get outside every day. Miracles are waiting everywhere.

40. If we all threw our problems in a pile and saw everyone else's, we'd grab ours back.

41. Envy is a waste of time. Accept what you already have, not what you need

42. The best is yet to come...

43. No matter how you feel, get up, dress up and show up.

44. Yield.

45. Life isn't tied with a bow, but it's still a gift."